١ - Bloomfield (Leonard) «Language»،London ١٩٦٢.
٢ -Brockelmann: «GechichteDerArbi shchen Litteratur»،Brill،١٩٣٨.
٣ -DeSaussure (Fedenand): «Course In General Linguistics»، Translated from the French by: WadeBaiskin، NewYork.
٤ - The Encyclopaedia Britanica.
٥ - The Encyclopaedia of Islam.
٦ - Jespersen (Otto): «Language: Its Nature Development and Origin»، London، ١٩٥٩.
٧ - Sapir (Edward): «Language: An Introduction to the study of Speech.
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